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Subject: Re: Emergence
From: Jean-Pierre Müller (jean-pierre.muller@info.unine.ch)
Date: jeu jan 18 2001 - 10:59:22 CET
Hi!
To continue the debate, I join a paper written following the other reference
where I develop a little bit the notions of first and second-order emergence
(I call it weak and strong emergence) where the distinction is whether the
emergent phenomena is only observable by an external observer or by the
entities whose interactions participate to the emergence themselves. I point
an important factor for having a second-order or strong emergence: the
existence of a medium on which the global emergent phenomena can be projected
and which can be perceived by an individual. I guess it is what happens in
human societies: myths, symbols, writings, institutions, laws, etc.
I am currently animating a working group on the role of the environment in
multi-agent systems and the role of inscription medium appears crucial.
Regards
Jean-Pierre
Stanislas.Boissau@Alg.VLK.WAU.NL wrote:
> It just emerged from the web (let's hope it's a second order emergence)...
> http://users.info.unicaen.fr/~delepine/publi.html
>
> the debate must go on...
>
> Stan
>
> On Wed Jan 17 19:17:21 2001,
> "Christophe Le Page" <lepage@cirad.fr> wrote:
> >
> >Hi there !
> >
> >Let's see if a debate is going to emerge from this quiet forum...
> >
> >In the proceedings of JFIADSMA'97, there is a paper resulting
> >from a collective effort (a working group from AFCET/AFIA),
> >signed under the joking pseudonym M.R. Jean. The title is:
> >
> >Emergence et SMA
> >
> >It's in french, and provides a large number of references about
> >this subject
> >
> >Regards,
> >clp
> >
> >
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grayBuf
} bind def
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : RGB16toGray8
/RGB16toGray8 {RGB8toGray8} bind def
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : BW
/ScalePoint {
0 0
4 -2 roll
0 0 1 1
8 4 roll GetBoxesRatio scale
} bind def
/PointDict 4 dict def
PointDict begin
/XPoint {
-.5 .5 moveto
.5 -.5 lineto
.5 .5 moveto
-.5 -.5 lineto
} bind def
/DiamondPoint {
0.0 .5 moveto
.5 0.0 lineto
0.0 -0.5 lineto
-.5 0.0 lineto
closepath
} bind def
/PlusPoint {
0.0 .5 moveto
0.0 -.5 lineto
-.5 0.0 moveto
.5 0.0 lineto
} bind def
/SquarePoint {
-.5 .5 moveto
.5 .5 lineto
.5 -.5 lineto
-.5 -.5 lineto
closepath
} bind def
end
/DrawPoint {
gsave
[] 0 setdash
0 setlinecap
translate
msave
ScalePoint
PointDict exch get exec
mrestore
1.0 setlinewidth stroke
grestore
} bind def
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : Wall object Procs
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : Subscriber
/Subscriber {
msave
R PC PF LC SS newpath
mrestore
} bind def
%%EndProcSet
/StripFromFront {
dup length
2 index sub
3 1 roll
exch 3 -1 roll
getinterval
} bind def
/MakePathArray {
/k 0 def
{/k k 1 add def pop pop}{/k k 1 add def pop pop}{/k k 1 add def pop pop pop pop pop pop}{/k k 1 add def }pathforall
k array
/k 0 def
{{moveto} 3 array astore 1 index k 3 -1 roll put /k k 1 add def}
{{lineto} 3 array astore 1 index k 3 -1 roll put /k k 1 add def}
{{curveto} 7 array astore 1 index k 3 -1 roll put /k k 1 add def}
{{closepath} 1 array astore 1 index k 3 -1 roll put /k k 1 add def}
pathforall
}bind def
/MakeFlatPathArray {
/k 0 def
{/k k 1 add def pop pop}{/k k 1 add def pop pop}{pop pop pop pop pop pop}{}pathforall
k array
/k 0 def
{{moveto} 3 array astore 1 index k 3 -1 roll put /k k 1 add def}
{{lineto} 3 array astore 1 index k 3 -1 roll put /k k 1 add def}
{ pop pop pop pop pop pop}
{}
pathforall
}bind def
/FractionalLine {
2 index sub
.00001 mul
exch
3 index sub
.00001 mul
4 -1 roll add
3 1 roll
add
} bind def
/calcLineLength {
exch
4 -1 roll
sub
dup mul
3 1 roll exch
sub
dup mul
add sqrt
} bind def
/InitTotalLineLength {
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/oldX exch def
theDash aload pop currentLineLength add setdash
} bind def
/AccumeLineLength {
3 copy pop
2 copy
oldX oldY
4 2 roll calcLineLength
/segmentLength exch def
/currentLineLength currentLineLength segmentLength add def
/oldY exch def
/oldX exch def
} bind def
/DecumeLastLineLength {
/currentLineLength currentLineLength segmentLength sub def
} bind def
/DrawFlattendSegment {
/pointCount 2 def
dup 0 lt { pop 0 } if
fpc
3 1 roll
2 index
1 index
gt {
2 copy get
dup length
dup 3 eq {
pop
dup 0 get
exch 1 get
2 copy InitTotalLineLength
m
} {
} ifelse
} {
pop 1 index
} ifelse
dup 1 add
3 index
exch sub
dup 10 gt { pop 10} if
{
1 add
2 copy
get aload pop
AccumeLineLength
exec
} repeat
3 1 roll pop pop
DecumeLastLineLength
} bind def
/IncFPC {
fpc add
/fpc exch def
} bind def
/DrawFlatPathArray {
fpc
0 {
dup 2 index
1 sub
lt {
flatPathArray exch
newpath
1 sub DrawFlattendSegment
gsave
pathSegProc
grestore
newpath
}
{
pop pop
exit
} ifelse
} loop
} bind def
/RecordFirstSubSegment {
closepathArray 0 pathArray 0 get
put
closepathArray 1
pathArray 0 get aload pop pop
pathArray 1 get dup length 3 eq {
aload pop pop
} {
newpath
0 0 moveto
aload pop exec
/segmentArray flattenpath MakeFlatPathArray def
segmentArray 1 get aload pop pop
} ifelse
FractionalLine {lineto} 3 array astore
put
} bind def
/AppendClosePath {
closepathArray 0 get 2 {lineto} put
flatPathArray fpc closepathArray 0 get put
1 IncFPC
flatPathArray fpc closepathArray 1 get put
1 IncFPC
} bind def
/RecordCurrentDash {
/theDash
currentdash 2 array astore def
/currentLineLength 0 def
} bind def
/PatternStroke {
0 setlinecap
RecordCurrentDash
/saveFlat currentflat def
.5 setflat
/pathArray MakePathArray def
/closepathArray 2 array def
/pathLength pathArray length def
/flatPathArray 513 array def
/currentLineLength 0 def
/fpc 0 def
pathArray pathLength 1 sub get
length 1 eq {
/usingClosepath true def
RecordFirstSubSegment
/pathLength pathLength 1 sub def
} {
/usingClosepath false def
} ifelse
0 1 pathLength 1 sub {
pathArray exch get
dup length 3 eq {
fpc 1 add 512 ge {
DrawFlatPathArray
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flatPathArray flatPathArray fpc 1 sub get 1 put
/fpc 2 def
}{
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flatPathArray exch fpc exch put
1 IncFPC
} {
dup length 7 eq {
newpath
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fpc 1 gt {
flatPathArray fpc 2 sub get aload pop pop m
flatPathArray fpc 1 sub get aload pop exec
/nToStrip 2 def
} {
fpc 1 eq {
flatPathArray fpc 1 sub get aload pop exec
/nToStrip 2 def
} if
} ifelse
aload pop exec
/segmentArray flattenpath MakeFlatPathArray def
/segmentArray nToStrip segmentArray StripFromFront def
segmentArray length fpc add 512 lt {
flatPathArray fpc segmentArray putinterval
segmentArray length IncFPC
} {
DrawFlatPathArray
fpc 1 gt {
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/fpc 2 def
}{
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} ifelse
segmentArray length 512 lt {
flatPathArray fpc segmentArray putinterval
segmentArray length IncFPC
} {
segmentArray length
/exitLoop false def
0
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2 copy sub
dup 500 gt {
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segmentArray 2 index 2 index getinterval
flatPathArray fpc 3 -1 roll putinterval
dup IncFPC
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exitLoop {
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DrawFlatPathArray
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}{
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} ifelse
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} ifelse
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fpc 0 gt {
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AppendClosePath
} if
DrawFlatPathArray
} if
saveFlat setflat
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/i2 0 3 -1 roll add def
/i1 0 3 -1 roll add def
/nRampSteps len cellPenW div cvi 1 add dup 512 gt {pop 512} if def
/rampPenW len nRampSteps div def
rampColors i1 get aload pop c1 astore pop
rampColors i2 get aload pop c2 astore pop
c2 0 get c1 0 get sub nRampSteps div d 0 3 -1 roll put
c2 1 get c1 1 get sub nRampSteps div d 1 3 -1 roll put
c2 2 get c1 2 get sub nRampSteps div d 2 3 -1 roll put
d aload pop
} bind def
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : adddelta
/adddelta {
d astore pop
mycurrentrgbcolor c1 copy pop
c1 0 get d 0 get add c2 0 3 -1 roll put
c1 1 get d 1 get add c2 1 3 -1 roll put
c1 2 get d 2 get add c2 2 3 -1 roll put
c2 aload pop setrgbcolor
c2 mycurrentrgbcolor copy pop
} bind def
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : rampline
/rampline {
segbox ulx get rampPenW add segbox ulx 3 -1 roll put
segbox llx get rampPenW add segbox llx 3 -1 roll put
segbox ulx get segbox uly get moveto
segbox llx get segbox lly get lineto
delta aload pop adddelta stroke
}bind def
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : slantrampseg
/slantrampseg {
gsave newpath
segbox ulx get segbox urx get sub abs
rampdelta delta astore pop
segbox ulx get rampPenW .5 mul sub segbox ulx 3 -1 roll put
segbox llx get rampPenW .5 mul sub segbox llx 3 -1 roll put
rampColors exch get aload mycurrentrgbcolor copy pop setrgbcolor
rampPenW setlinewidth nRampSteps {rampline} repeat
grestore
}bind def
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : flipramp
/flipramp {
rampColors 0 get rampColors 3 get rampColors 0 3 -1 roll put rampColors 3 3 -1 roll put
rampColors 1 get rampColors 2 get rampColors 1 3 -1 roll put rampColors 2 3 -1 roll put
} bind def
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : leftrbox
/leftrbox {
rbox segbox copy pop
rbox urx get rbox ulx get sub
flipRatio mul dup
segbox ulx get add segbox urx 3 -1 roll put
segbox llx get add segbox lrx 3 -1 roll put
} bind def
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : rightrbox
/rightrbox {
rbox segbox copy pop
rbox urx get rbox ulx get sub
flipRatio mul dup
segbox ulx get add segbox ulx 3 -1 roll put
segbox llx get add segbox llx 3 -1 roll put
} bind def
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : drawslantramp
/drawslantramp {
segbox urx get segbox ulx get sub 3 div dup dup dup dup dup dup dup dup dup
segbox ulx get add segbox urx 3 -1 roll put
segbox llx get add segbox lrx 3 -1 roll put
segbox aload pop
0 0 1 slantrampseg
segbox astore pop
segbox ulx get add segbox ulx 3 -1 roll put
segbox llx get add segbox llx 3 -1 roll put
segbox urx get add segbox urx 3 -1 roll put
segbox lrx get add segbox lrx 3 -1 roll put
segbox aload pop
1 1 2 slantrampseg
segbox astore pop
segbox ulx get add segbox ulx 3 -1 roll put
segbox llx get add segbox llx 3 -1 roll put
segbox urx get add segbox urx 3 -1 roll put
segbox lrx get add segbox lrx 3 -1 roll put
2 2 3 slantrampseg
}bind def
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : tan
/tan {
dup sin exch cos div
}bind def
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : rampbox
/rampbox {
pbox top get dup rbox uly 3 -1 roll put rbox ury 3 -1 roll put
pbox left get dup rbox ulx 3 -1 roll put rbox llx 3 -1 roll put
pbox bottom get dup rbox lly 3 -1 roll put rbox lry 3 -1 roll put
pbox right get dup rbox urx 3 -1 roll put rbox lrx 3 -1 roll put
}bind def
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : rampbox
/LoadSegBox {
4 copy
segbox llx 6 -1 roll put
segbox lly 5 -1 roll put
segbox lrx 4 -1 roll put
segbox lry 6 -1 roll put
segbox urx 5 -1 roll put
segbox ury 3 -1 roll put
segbox ulx 4 -1 roll put
segbox uly 3 -1 roll put
} bind def
/TransToCenter {
gsave
flattenpath
pathbbox
grestore
2 index
sub 2.0 div exch
3 index sub 2.0 div
4 -1 roll add
3 1 roll add
translate
} bind def
/RotRampGrad {
gsave
TransToCenter
-1.0 mul 180.0 add rotate
flattenpath
pathbbox
clip
newpath
LoadSegBox
flipRatio 1 lt dup{flipramp}if flipRatio 0 gt and
{
/flipRatio 1.0 flipRatio sub def
segbox rbox copy pop leftrbox drawslantramp flipramp rightrbox drawslantramp
}
{drawslantramp} ifelse
grestore
} bind def
/bbg {
pbox exch get
} bind def
%%BeginProcSet : DR
/DR { % Directional ramp
/workingMatrix mstore def
objectCord setmatrix
flipramp
gsave
flattenpath pathbbox
grestore
pbox bottom 3 -1 roll put pbox right 3 -1 roll put pbox top 3 -1 roll put pbox left 3 -1 roll put
rampAngle RotRampGrad
RF
workingMatrix setmatrix
}bind def
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : ramparc
/ramparc {
gsave
circum rampdelta delta astore pop
/rampPenW 60.0 nRampSteps div def
/ang1 exch rampAngle sub def
/ang2 rampPenW ang1 add def
rampColors exch get aload mycurrentrgbcolor copy pop setrgbcolor 1 setlinewidth
nRampSteps {ramparcseg}repeat
grestore
}bind def
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : ramparcseg
/ramparcseg {
newpath
rampcenter aload pop moveto
rampcenter aload pop rampradius ang2 ang1 arcn fill
/ang1 ang2 def
/ang2 ang2 rampPenW add def
delta aload pop adddelta
}bind def
%%EndProcSet
/GetRadius {
rbox urx get rbox llx get sub 2 div rampcenter 0 get abs add dup mul
rbox lly get rbox ury get sub 2 div rampcenter 1 get abs add dup mul
add sqrt
} bind def
%%BeginProcSet : circularRamp
/circularRamp {
rampbox
/rampradius GetRadius def
CalcCrcm
flipramp
0 0 0 1 ramparc
1 60 1 2 ramparc
2 120 2 3 ramparc
flipramp
0 180 0 1 ramparc
1 240 1 2 ramparc
2 300 2 3 ramparc
}bind def
%%EndProcSet
/GetCircumf {
2.0 mul 3.1415926 mul
} bind def
/CalcCrcm {
rampradius GetCircumf
/circum exch 6.0 div def
} bind def
%%BeginProcSet : CR
/CR {
gsave
clip
MTC currentmatrix pop
CTM setmatrix
flattenpath
pathbbox pbox bottom 3 -1 roll put pbox right 3 -1 roll put pbox top 3 -1 roll put pbox left 3 -1 roll put
pbox left get pbox right get sub abs 2 div
pbox left get add rampcenter 0 get add rampcenter 0 3 -1 roll put
pbox top get pbox bottom get sub abs 2 div
pbox top get add rampcenter 1 get add rampcenter 1 3 -1 roll put
circularRamp
MTC setmatrix
grestore
RF
}bind def
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginProcSet : shaperamp
/SBR {
gsave
clip
/workingMatrix mstore def
objectCord setmatrix
flattenpath
/BaseBox pathbbox 4 array astore def
/len BaseBox 2 get BaseBox 0 get sub dup mul
BaseBox 3 get BaseBox 1 get sub dup mul
add sqrt
12.0 div
def
/EndBox
BaseBox aload pop
3 -1 roll sub
3 1 roll
exch sub
/dbx exch def
/dby exch def
BaseBox aload pop pop pop
/blly exch def
/bllx exch def
sbox 0 get 100.0 div dby mul blly add
sbox 1 get 100.0 div dbx mul bllx add
sbox 2 get 100.0 div dby mul blly add
sbox 3 get 100.0 div dbx mul bllx add
exch
4 -2 roll
exch
4 -2 roll
4 array astore
def
BaseBox EndBox ShapeBurst
workingMatrix setmatrix
grestore
} bind def
%%EndProcSet
/GetBoxCenter {
2 index
sub 2.0 div
3 -1 roll add
3 1 roll
1 index sub
2.0 div add
exch
} bind def
/GetInterBox {
/boxInter exch def
4 1 7 {
-1 roll
7 index
} for
sub boxInter mul
8 -1 roll add
7 1 roll
sub boxInter mul
7 -1 roll add
6 1 roll
sub boxInter mul
6 -1 roll add
5 1 roll
sub boxInter mul
5 -1 roll add
4 1 roll
} bind def
/GetBoxCenterDeltas {
GetBoxCenter
6 2 roll
GetBoxCenter
3 -1 roll exch sub
3 1 roll sub
exch
} bind def
/GetBoxCornerDeltas {
pop pop
4 2 roll pop pop
3 -1 roll sub
3 1 roll exch sub
exch
} bind def
%%BeginProcSet : getpath
/getpath {
/k 0 def
{/k k 1 add def pop pop}{/k k 1 add def pop pop}{/k k 1 add def pop pop pop pop pop pop}{}pathforall
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/k 0 def
{{moveto} 3 array astore pfa k 3 -1 roll put /k k 1 add def}
{{lineto} 3 array astore pfa k 3 -1 roll put /k k 1 add def}
{{curveto} 7 array astore pfa k 3 -1 roll put /k k 1 add def}
{}pathforall
}bind def
%%EndProcSet
/ShapeBurst {
getpath
newpath
/SBERect exch 4 array copy def
/SBBRect exch 4 array copy def
/interRect1 SBBRect aload pop SBERect aload pop .3333333 GetInterBox 4 array astore def
/interRect2 SBBRect aload pop SBERect aload pop .6666666 GetInterBox 4 array astore def
0 0 1 SBBRect interRect1 ShapeBurstSeg
msave
interRect1 0 get interRect1 1 get translate
SBBRect aload pop interRect1 aload pop GetBoxesRatio scale
SBBRect 0 get -1.0 mul SBBRect 1 get -1.0 mul translate
1 1 2 interRect1 interRect2 ShapeBurstSeg
mrestore
msave
interRect2 0 get interRect2 1 get translate
SBBRect aload pop interRect2 aload pop GetBoxesRatio scale
SBBRect 0 get -1.0 mul SBBRect 1 get -1.0 mul translate
2 2 3 interRect2 SBERect ShapeBurstSeg
mrestore
} bind def
/ShapeBurstSeg {
/sbr1 exch 4 array copy def
/sbr0 exch 4 array copy def
/blx sbr0 0 get def
/bly sbr0 1 get def
len rampdelta delta astore pop
sbr0 aload pop sbr1 aload pop GetBoxesRatio
/ratioY exch def
/ratioX exch def
sbr0 aload pop sbr1 aload pop GetBoxCornerDeltas
/dlly exch nRampSteps div def
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/currentScaleX 1.0 def
/currentScaleY 1.0 def
/translationX blx def
/translationY bly def
rampColors exch get aload mycurrentrgbcolor copy pop setrgbcolor
nRampSteps {
msave
translationX translationY translate
currentScaleX currentScaleY scale
blx -1.0 mul bly -1.0 mul translate
pfa {aload pop exec} forall fill
delta aload pop adddelta
/translationX translationX dllx add def
/translationY translationY dlly add def
/currentScaleX currentScaleX scaleStepX sub def
/currentScaleY currentScaleY scaleStepY sub def
mrestore
} repeat
msave
translationX translationY translate
currentScaleX currentScaleY scale
blx -1.0 mul bly -1.0 mul translate
pfa {aload pop exec} forall fill
mrestore
} bind def
%%EndProlog
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/tctm matrix currentmatrix def
tctm RoundMatrix setmatrix
/patternMatrix mstore def
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b(tiens)h(\340)g(remercier)g(le)g(Lab)q(oratoire)h(des)f(outils)h
(Informatiques)h(p)q(our)e(la)g(Conception)231 2108 y(en)d(Pro)q
(ductique)i(\(LICP\))d(de)h(l'Ecole)h(P)o(olytec)o(hnique)i
(F\351d\351rale)e(de)f(Lausanne)h(p)q(our)f(m'a)o(v)o(oir)231
2154 y(fourni)i(un)e(exemple)h(d'application)j(ainsi)d(que)g(An)o
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2200 y(lecture)g(atten)o(tiv)o(e)g(de)g(ce)f(papier.)231
2341 y Fg(Bibliographie)231 2432 y Fe([BAE)g(95])21 b(Baeijs)15
b(C.,)d(Demazeau)j(Y.)e(et)h(Alv)n(ares)h(L.,)e(\023)h(Application)i
(des)f(Syst\350mes)f(Multi-)295 2478 y(Agen)o(ts)g(\340)g(la)h
(G\351n\351ralisation)i(Cartographique)f(\024.)k(In)28
b(3\350mes)14 b(Journ\351es)h(F)m(rancophones)p eop
%%Page: 13 13
13 12 bop 295 311 a Fe(sur)13 b(l'In)o(telligence)j(Arti\034cielle)g
(Distribu\351e)f(et)e(les)h(Syst\350mes)f(Multi-Agen)o(ts,)i(1995.)231
342 y([BA)m(T)d(96])21 b(Batard)15 b(E.,)d(L'agen)o(t)i(comme)g(signe.)
20 b(In)27 b(M\374ller)15 b(J.-P)m(.)d(et)i(Quinqueton)h(J.,)e(Eds.,)
295 388 y(JFIADSMA'96.)f(Herm\350s,)h(1996.)231 419 y([CHU)f(97])21
b(Ch)o(ung)14 b(K.)e(et)h(W)m(u)g(C.-H.,)f(\023)h(Dynamic)h(sc)o
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465 y(application)k(note)e(\024.)j(Rapp)q(ort)d(tec)o(hnique)g(105,)f
(Metra,)g(1997.)231 496 y([COL)g(96])20 b(Collinot)c(A.,)d(Ploix)j(L.)d
(et)h(Drogoul)h(A.,)e(Application)k(de)d(la)h(m\351tho)q(de)f
(Cassiop\351e)295 542 y(\340)f(l'organisation)k(d'une)d(\351quip)q(e)h
(de)e(rob)q(ots.)19 b(In)27 b(M\374ller)15 b(J.-P)m(.)d(et)h
(Quinqueton)j(J.,)c(Eds.,)295 588 y(AI)g(distribu\351e)k(et)c
(syst\350mes)i(m)o(ulti-agen)o(ts.)h(Herm\350s,)d(1996.)231
619 y([D)o(A)o(O)h(95])21 b(Daouas)16 b(T.,)d(Ghedira)k(K.)d(et)g
(M\374ller)j(J.-P)m(.,)c(\023)i(A)f(distributed)k(approac)o(h)e(for)e
(the)295 665 y(\035o)o(w)f(shop)h(sc)o(heduling)h(problem)g(\024.)i(In)
26 b(Third)13 b(In)o(ternational)j(Conference)d(on)h(Arti\034cial)295
710 y(In)o(telligence)i(Applications,)f(1995.)231 742
y([DEA)e(91])21 b(Dean)13 b(T.)f(et)g(W)m(ellman)i(M.,)e(Planning)j
(and)e(Con)o(trol.)k(Morgan)d(Kaufmann,)e(1991.)231 773
y([DEM)i(93])20 b(Demazeau)c(Y.,)e(\023)h(La)g(Plate-forme)h(P)m(A)o
(CO)e(et)h(ses)g(Applications)j(\024.)23 b(In)29 b(2\350mes)295
819 y(Journ\351e)13 b(Nationale)i(du)f(PR)o(C-IA)e(sur)h(les)h
(Syst\350mes)g(Multi-Agen)o(ts,)g(1993.)231 850 y([DR)o(O)f(92])21
b(Drogoul)c(A.)d(et)h(C.Dubreuil,)i(Eco-problem-solving)h(mo)q(del)f(:)
d(results)i(of)f(the)g(N-)295 896 y(puzzle.)f(In)21 b(Demazeau)12
b(Y.)e(et)g(M\374ller)j(J.-P)m(.,)8 b(Eds.,)j(Decen)o(tralized)i(AI)d
(2.)g(North)h(Holland,)295 942 y(1992.)231 973 y([DR)o(O)i(93])21
b(Drogoul)d(A.,)e(When)h(an)o(ts)g(pla)o(y)h(c)o(hess)f(\(or)g(can)f
(strategies)i(emerge)f(from)f(tacti-)295 1019 y(cal)i(b)q(eha)o(viours)
8 b(?\).)29 b(In)34 b(Castelfranc)o(hi)18 b(C.)e(et)h(M\374ller)i(J.-P)
m(.,)c(Eds.,)i(F)m(rom)f(reaction)j(to)295 1065 y(cognition,)28
b(957)13 b(in)h(LNAI.)e(Springer)i(V)m(erlag,)g(1993.)231
1096 y([DUR)f(96])21 b(Durand)d(B.,)d(\023)h(Sim)o(ulation)j(m)o
(ulti-agen)o(ts)f(et)e(\351pid\351miolog)q(ie)j(op)q(\351rationnell)q
(e)g(\024.)295 1142 y(PhD)13 b(thesis,)h(Univ)o(ersit\351)h(de)e(Caen,)
g(1996.)231 1173 y([FER)g(91])21 b(F)m(erb)q(er)14 b(J.)f(et)h(Jacopin)
h(E.,)e(The)h(framew)o(ork)g(of)g(ECO-problem)g(solving.)22
b(In)28 b(De-)295 1219 y(mazeau)14 b(Y.)e(et)h(M\374ller)h(J.-P)m(.,)e
(Eds.,)g(Decen)o(tralized)k(AI)c(2.)h(North-Holland,)i(1991.)231
1250 y([FER)e(95])21 b(F)m(erb)q(er)15 b(J.,)e(Les)i(syst\350mes)g(m)o
(ulti-agen)o(ts)h(:)e(v)o(ers)g(une)h(in)o(tellig)q(ence)i(collectiv)o
(e.)24 b(In-)295 1296 y(terEditions,)15 b(1995.)231 1327
y([FER)e(97a])21 b(F)m(erb)q(er)15 b(J.,)f(Labbani)i(O.)e(et)h
(M\374ller)h(J.-P)m(.,)d(\023)i(F)m(ormalizing)i(emergen)o(t)e
(collectiv)o(e)295 1373 y(b)q(eha)o(viours)g(:)e(preliminary)j(rep)q
(ort)d(\024.)k(In)26 b(D)o(AIMAS,)13 b(1997.)231 1404
y([FER)g(97b])22 b(F)m(errand)15 b(N.,)f(\023)h(Mo)q(d\350les)h(m)o
(ulti-agen)o(ts)h(p)q(our)f(l'aide)g(\340)f(la)h(d\351cision)h(et)e(la)
g(n\351go-)295 1450 y(ciation)h(en)f(am\351nagemen)o(t)h(du)f
(territoire)h(\024.)23 b(PhD)15 b(thesis,)g(Univ)o(ersit\351)i(Joseph)e
(F)m(ourier,)295 1496 y(1997.)231 1527 y([F)o(OR)e(89])21
b(F)m(orrest)12 b(S.,)f(\023)h(Emergen)o(t)g(computation)i(\024.)h(In)
23 b(Conference)13 b(on)f(non-linear)i(dyna-)295 1573
y(mical)g(systems)g(and)f(emergen)o(t)h(computation,)g(1989.)231
1604 y([GHE)f(93])21 b(Ghedira)14 b(K.,)e(\023)i(MASC)e(:)h(une)g
(appro)q(c)o(he)i(m)o(ulti-agen)o(ts)g(des)e(probl\350mes)i(de)e
(satis-)295 1650 y(faction)d(de)f(con)o(train)o(tes)i(\024.)f(PhD)g
(thesis,)f(Ecole)h(Nationale)h(Sup)q(\351rieure)g(de)e(l'A)o
(\351ronautique)295 1696 y(et)k(de)g(l'Espace,)h(1993.)231
1727 y([GUT)f(98])20 b(Gutknec)o(h)o(t)d(O.)d(et)h(ferb)q(er)h(J.,)e
(\023)h(A)g(Meta-Mo)q(del)i(for)e(the)g(Analysis)i(and)f(Design)295
1773 y(of)d(Organizations)j(in)e(Multi-Agen)o(t)h(Systems)g(\024.)j(In)
27 b(3rd)14 b(In)o(ternational)h(Conference)f(on)295
1818 y(Multi-Agen)o(t)h(Systems,)e(1998.)231 1850 y([LAB)g(97])21
b(Labbani)14 b(O.,)d(M\374ller)j(J.-P)m(.)d(et)h(Bourjault)i(A.,)d
(\023)h(Conception)i(de)f(comp)q(ortemen)o(ts)295 1896
y(collectifs)i(:)d(l'\351tap)q(e)i(d'analyse)h(\024.)i(In)26
b(Journ\351es)13 b(F)m(rancophones)i(IAD)e(et)g(SMA,)f(1997.)231
1927 y([LAB)h(98a])21 b(Labbani)d(O.,)d(\023)h(Con)o(tribution)j(\340)d
(une)h(m\351tho)q(dologie)i(de)d(conception)i(de)f(com-)295
1973 y(p)q(ortemen)o(ts)g(collectifs)h(\351mergen)o(ts)f(dans)g(une)g
(colonie)h(de)f(rob)q(ots)g(miniatures)h(et)e(auto-)295
2018 y(nomes)d(\024.)k(PhD)d(thesis,)g(ENSMM,)f(Jan)o(uary)h(1998.)231
2050 y([LAB)f(98b])21 b(Labbani)c(O.,)d(M\374ller)j(J.-P)m(.)d(et)h
(Bourjault)i(A.,)d(\023)h(Cirta)h(:)e(An)i(emergen)o(tist)g(me-)295
2096 y(tho)q(dology)i(to)e(design)i(and)e(ev)n(aluate)i(collectiv)o(e)g
(b)q(eha)o(viours)h(in)e(rob)q(ots'colonies)h(\024.)27
b(In)295 2141 y(Collectiv)o(e)15 b(Rob)q(otics)g(W)m(orkshop,)f(1998.)
231 2173 y([M\004)f(98])21 b(M\374ller)14 b(J.-P)m(.)d(et)i(P)o(arunak)
g(V.)f(D.,)g(\023)h(Multi-agen)o(t)h(systems)f(and)g(man)o(ufacturing)i
(\024.)295 2218 y(In)26 b(INCOM'98,)12 b(juin)h(1998.)231
2250 y([NAM)g(97])21 b(\(collectiv)o(e)11 b(name\))e(M.)g(J.,)f(\023)h
(Emergence)h(et)f(SMA)g(\024.)i(In)18 b(Journ\351es)10
b(F)m(rancophones)295 2295 y(IAD)j(et)f(SMA,)h(1997.)231
2327 y([O.L)f(96])21 b(O.)12 b(Labbani)i(J.-P)m(.)c(M.)i(et)g
(Bourjault)h(A.,)e(\023)i(Designing)h(emergen)o(t)f(b)q(eha)o(viour)h
(\024.)i(In)295 2373 y(W)m(orkshop)e(ICMAS'96,)f(1996.)231
2404 y([O)o(VE)g(94])20 b(Ov)o(ergaard)12 b(L.,)e(P)o(etersen)h(H.)f
(et)h(P)o(erram)g(J.,)f(\023)h(Motion)h(planning)h(for)e(an)g
(articula-)295 2450 y(ted)h(rob)q(ot)g(:)g(a)g(m)o(ulti-agen)o(t)i
(approac)o(h)f(\024.)i(In)24 b(Pro)q(ceedings)14 b(of)e(MAAMA)l(W'94.)f
(Springer)295 2495 y(V)m(erlag,)i(1994.)p eop
%%Page: 14 14
14 13 bop 231 311 a Fe([P)m(AP)13 b(82])21 b(P)o(apadimitriou)h(C.)17
b(H.)h(et)g(Steiglitz)j(K.,)d(Com)o(binatorial)j(optimization)h(:)c
(algo-)295 356 y(rithms)c(and)f(complexit)o(y)m(.)19
b(Pren)o(tice)14 b(Hall,)g(1982.)231 390 y([RA)o(O)f(96])21
b(Rao)12 b(A.,)f(Agen)o(tSp)q(eak\(L\))i(:)e(BDI)h(Agen)o(ts)g(Sp)q
(eak)h(Out)f(in)h(a)e(Logical)j(Computable)295 435 y(Language.)19
b(In)27 b(de)14 b(V)m(elde)g(W.)f(V.)g(et)g(P)o(erram)h(J.,)e(Eds.,)h
(Agen)o(ts)h(Breaking)h(A)m(w)o(a)o(y,)26 b(1038)295
481 y(in)14 b(LNAI,)e(p.)g(42\02555.)i(Springer)h(V)m(erlag,)e(1996.)
231 515 y([SHO)g(93])21 b(Shoham)16 b(Y.,)e(\023)g(Agen)o(t-orien)o
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o(ol.)295 560 y(60,)26 b(1,)12 b(p.)h(51\02592,)g(1993.)231
594 y([SPR)h(96])20 b(Sprumon)o(t)14 b(F.)e(et)g(M\374ller)i(J.-P)m(.,)
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295 640 y(gning)i(\035exible)i(assem)o(bly)e(lines)h(\024.)i(In)26
b(P)m(AAM'96,)12 b(1996.)231 673 y([SPR)i(97])20 b(Sprumon)o(t)d(F.,)d
(\023)h(Appro)q(c)o(he)h(distribu\351e)h(et)e(r\351activ)o(e)h(de)f(la)
h(conception)h(des)e(sys-)295 719 y(t\350mes)e(d'assem)o(blage)i(\024.)
i(PhD)c(thesis,)h(Univ)o(ersit\351)h(de)e(Neuc)o(h\342tel,)h(mai)f
(1997.)231 753 y([W)o(OO)g(96])21 b(W)m(o)q(oldridge)13
b(M.,)e(Time,)f(Kno)o(wledge,)i(and)f(Choice.)k(In)21
b(W)m(o)q(oldridge)14 b(M.,)c(M\374ller)295 798 y(J.)i(P)m(.)f(et)i(T)m
(am)o(b)q(e)f(M.,)g(Eds.,)g(In)o(telligen)o(t)j(Agen)o(ts)e(I)q(I,)24
b(1037)13 b(in)g(LNAI,)f(p.)g(79\02596.)h(Springer)295
844 y(V)m(erlag,)g(1996.)p eop
%%Trailer
end
userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
%%EOF